Understanding the structure of the skin can make it beautiful

　　The skin is divided into: epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue

　　Epidermis

　　Definition: The epidermis is the outermost skin, covering the whole body, and has a protective effect. The epidermis has no blood vessels, it will not bleed after scratching, and it is rich in nerve endings, which can help us perceive things in the external environment.

　　Structure: The epidermis is divided into five layers from the outside to the inside: stratum corneum, transparent layer, granular layer, spinous layer, and basal layer.

　　Metabolism: Each layer of the epidermis is actually formed by cells in different stages of the keratinization process. The basal cells of the basal layer are the source of life for the epidermis. It continuously produces new cells and gradually moves toward the surface of the skin, becoming cells of various layers, and finally becoming dead cells, which are shed in the form of dander. They are produced from a basal cell and finally become dander and fall off for about 28 days.

　　1. Cuticle

　　Composition: The outermost layer of the epidermis is composed of 4-8 layers of flat, non-nucleated keratinized dead cells, and the cells are tightly arranged.

　　Function: The cells are full of keratin protein, which has strong water absorption, so that the skin is soft and will not be dry and chapped; protection from physical factors: ultraviolet light, humidity, temperature; protection from chemical factors: acid, alkali .

　　2. Transparent layer

　　Composition: The lower layer of the stratum corneum is composed of 2-3 layers of flat, non-nucleated keratinized dead cells

　　Function: The main components of the transparent layer cells are keratin and phospholipids, which can prevent the penetration of water and electrolytes in the body and outside the body.

　　3. Granular layer

　　Composition: Located under the transparent layer, it is composed of 3-5 layers of spindle cells.

　　Function: The granular layer cells contain small particles formed by hyalin and keratin, which have a refraction effect and can reduce the penetration of ultraviolet rays into the body.

　　4. Spiny layer

　　Composition: In the lower layer of the granular layer, it is composed of 4-8 layers of polygonal cells with spinous processes, which is the thickest layer of the epidermis.

　　Function: There is tissue fluid in the intercellular space, which provides nutrition for the cells and has strong vitality. The spinous cells in the lower layer have the ability to divide and can participate in the healing of trauma.

　　5. Base layer

　　Composition: The lowermost layer of the epidermis is composed of basal cells and melanocytes.

　　Function: The basal cells are cylindrical, absorb nutrients directly from the capillaries of the dermis, and have the ability to divide and reproduce. It is the source of life for cells in the epidermal layer. The new cells produced gradually advance upward and become the layers of the epidermis. When the wound is limited to the epidermis, the basal cells will accelerate the division and reproduction, repair the damage; after a period of time, the skin can completely return to normal without leaving scars; melanocytes can secrete melanin, and melanin particles can absorb and block ultraviolet rays from entering the body to protect internal tissues.

　　Dermis

　　Composition: It is composed of the pedicle tissue located in the lower layer of the epidermis and the matrix in between.

　　1. Connective tissue

　　Composition: Including collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and mesh fibers

　　Collagen fiber: The main component is collagen, which has the characteristics of toughness and softness. It has strong resistance to tension and makes the skin have good flexibility.

　　Elastic fiber: The main component is elastin. Its elasticity is very strong, it can be stretched to more than double the original after pulling, and it can be restored to its original shape immediately after removing the external force. Make the skin have good elasticity.

　　Reticulum fibers: Immature collagen fibers mainly exist around glands, blood vessels and nerves.

　　2. Matrix

　　Composition: The matrix is an amorphous gel-like substance. The main components are mucopolysaccharides, protein, electrolytes, and water. The cells and pedicle tissue of the dermis are evenly distributed in it, providing nutrients for cell metabolism.

　　Subcutaneous tissue

　　Composition: Located under the dermis, it is composed of a large number of fat cells and a small amount of pedicle tissue.

　　Function: heat preservation and cold protection, store energy, buffer external force, and protect internal tissues.

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